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The purpose of a programming system is to make a computer easy to use.To do this,it furnishes languages and various facilities that are in fact programs invoked and controlled by language features.But these facilities are bought at a price:the external description of a programming system is ten to twenty times as large as the external description of the computer system itself.The user finds it far easier to specify any particular function,but there are far more to choose from,and far more options and formats to remember.
Ease of use is enhanced only if the time gained in functional specification exceeds the time lost in learning,remembering,and searching manuals.With modern programming systems this gain does exceed the cost,but in recent years the ratio of fain to cost seems to have fallen as more and more complex（）have been added.
Because ease of use is the purpose,this radio of function to conceptual complexity is the ultimate test of system design.Neither function alone nor simplicity alone（）a good design.
This point is widely misunderstood.Function,and not simplicity,has always been the measure of excellence for its designers.As soon as ease of use is held up as the criterion,each of these is seen to be（）,reaching for only half of the true goal.
For a given level of function,however,that system is best in which one can specify things with the most simplicity and straightforwardness.（）is not enough.Mooer’s TRAC language and Algol 68 achieve simplicity as measured by the number of distinct elementary concepts.
They are not,however,straightforward.The expression of the things one wants to do often requires involuted(复杂的）and unexpected combinations of the basic facilities.It is not enough to learn the elements and rules of combination;one must also learn the idiomatic usage,a whole lore of how the elements are combined in practice.Simplicity and straightforwardness proceed from conceptual（）.Every part must reflect the same philosophies and the same balancing of desiderata.Every part must use the same techniques in syntax and the analogous notions in semantics.Ease of use,then,dictates unity of design,conceptual integrity.
问题1选项
A.systems
B.functions
C.programs
D.manuals
问题2选项
A.defines
B.can be
C.constructs
D.costs
问题3选项
A.stabilize
B.equalized
C.unbalanced
D.balanced
问题4选项
A.Function
B.System
C.Straightforwardness
D.Simplicity
问题5选项
A.integrity
B.isolation
C.durability
D.consistency
在几种不同类型的软件维护中，通常情况下（）所占工作量最大。
在()中，项目经理的权力是最小的。
在项目实施的过程中，项目经理通过项目周报中的项目进度分析图表发现机房施工进度有延期风险。项目经理立即组织相关人员进行分析，下达了关于改进措施的书面指令。该指令属于（ ）
The IT service manager resigns from a project that meets the scheduleand budget. After hiring an alternativenew manager, the team is opposed to the comments from the new manager. The team is at （） developmentstages。
（）is closet to Deming's definition of Quality。
The IT service manager has learned that a software canimprove the efficiency of current and future project tasks. Because the software is fresh to the Company. Theengineer is not familiar with the software. The lT service manager decides to send the highest level engineero attend the external training course. The proiect manager uses （） risk strategies。
The process control charts are used （）。
