2021银行综合押题密卷4

中国乃至世界现存最早、最完整、最全面介绍茶的第一部专著，被誉为茶叶百科全书的是唐代陆羽所著（　　）。

2005年7月21日，我国启动了人民币汇率形成机制改革，开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考（　　）。

历时19年，由北宋司马光主编的多卷本编年体史书是（　　）。

“沉鱼落雁”“闭月羞花”用以形容古代四大美女，下列形容古代四大美女与其关系对应不正确的是（　　）。

红娘最早成名是在王实甫的（　　）。

中国人相互见面和离别时，最常见的礼仪是（　　）。

“吾爱吾师，吾更爱真理”此名言中的“师”指的是（　　）。

公元前221年，秦王嬴政灭六国，实现统一，建立了秦朝，定都（　　）。

下列历史人物中，存在师生关系的有（　　）个。

①苏轼——秦观②孔子——曾子③李斯——韩非

宋朝著名的女词人在她的作品《醉花阴》中写道“东篱把酒黄昏后，有暗香盈袖，莫道不消魂，帘卷西风，人比黄花瘦。”请问这个女词人是（　　）。

下面是中国古典文学四大名著中的人物与情节，其中搭配不当的一项是（　　）。

倡导“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的诗人是（　　）。

下列四组世界文学名著中属于美国作家作品的一组是（　　）。

《边城》是沈从文的代表作。此作品主要描绘了哪个地区风土人情（　　）。

下列说法错误的是（　　）。

关于维生素，下列说法正确的是（　　）。

“马力”一词表示的是（　　）。

绩效评价中运用的评价标准属于比较法的是（　　）。

金某与妻子叶某于2013年6月4日在明华小区租了一套房子居住，与房东书面约定租期为2013年6月5日至2015年5月10日，并按时交付租金。2014年11月3日，金某遭遇交通事故意外身亡。则在租赁期间（　　）。

我国专利法规定，下列选项中可授予专利权的是（　　）。

根据物的分类，下列物与物的关系中属于主物与从物关系的是（　　）。

以下关于“企业文化”的说法，错误的是（　　）。

柯达公司是世界上著名的影像产品及相关服务的生产和供应商。面对市场技术的不断革新，柯达公司满足现状没有及时进行技术更新，直到2003年，柯达才宣布全面进军数码产业。最终柯达公司陷入退市困境，体现了管理学中的（　　）。

中共中央政治局1月25日上午就（　　）举行第十二次集体学习。中共中央总书记习近平在主持学习时强调，推动媒体融合发展、建设全媒体成为我们面临的一项紧迫课题。要运用信息革命成果，推动媒体融合向纵深发展，做大做强主流舆论，巩固全党全国人民团结奋斗的共同思想基础，为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦提供强大精神力量和舆论支持。习近平强调，要因势而谋、应势而动、顺势而为，加快推动媒体融合发展，使主流媒体具有强大传播力、引导力、影响力、公信力，形成网上网下同心圆，使全体人民在理想信念、价值理念、道德观念上紧紧团结在一起，让正能量更强劲、主旋律更高昂。

2019年1月21日电，国家统计局21日对外公布，经初步核算，2018年全年我国国内生产总值（GDP）为900309亿元，经济总量首次站上（　　）的历史新台阶，稳居世界第二位。

国家税务总局近日印发通知，要求全国税务系统贯彻落实好各项减税降费政策，确保企业和人民群众有实实在在的获得感，提振市场信心，促进经济实现高质量发展。据介绍，国家税务总局专门设立（　　），负责集中受理和协调解决中小微企业涉税诉求。通知要求，各省税务机关也要指定专门部门、安排专人负责中小微企业服务工作。2019年上半年，国家税务总局将以小微企业普惠性减税等政策落实情况为重点，组织开展减税降费工作督导。

当某一社会处于经济周期的萧条阶段时（　　）。

在保险市场上，“道德风险”是指（　　）。

用支出法核算GDP正确的公式是（　　）。

关于奥肯定律，下列说法正确的是（　　）。

在完全竞争市场条件下，处于长期均衡状态下的厂商将选择平均成本最小化所对应的生产规模，这是因为（　　）。

总需求函数可以表示为：Y=AD（P），以下关于总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因，说法不正确的是（　　）。

一个垄断厂商分别对两个市场实行差别定价垄断，下列选项哪个正确？（　　）

下列表述正确的是（　　）。

中长期贷款，为了使借贷双方承担的利率风险较小，一般都倾向于选择（　　）。

（　　）在金融市场中发挥着极为关键的作用，是金融市场高速运行的基础。

下列不属于大额可转让定期存单特点的是（　　）。

1984年之前我国的中央银行制度类型属于（　　）。

央行开展MLF操作释放5000亿元人民币，该国法定存款准备金率为20%，商业银行系统平均超额存款准备金率为5%，国民平均通货存款持有习惯是1:4，则该国货币供应量新增（　　）。

巴塞尔协议III中，净稳定融资比例主要用于度量长期内银行解决资金错配的能力，该比例为（　　）。

通常我们讲的国际间的货币可兑换指的是（　　）。

下列有关商业银行办理业务的规定正确的是（　　）。

我国的金融债券最主要的发行主体是（　　）。

亚当斯密在《国富论》当中，谈到的主要经济理论是（　　）。

从布雷顿森林体系崩溃以来，国际储备最明显的变化是（　　）。

对于2018年中国房地产市场出现的房价下跌，楼市寒冬问题，从经济学角度来讲，属于（　　）事件。

由某一银行集团成立股权公司，再由该公司控制或收购两家以上的若干银行而建立的一种银行制度，属于（　　）制度。

个人理财当中，投资者教育的最主要的实施主体是（　　）。

中央银行以行政命令或其他方式，从质和量两个方面对金融机构尤其是商业银行的信用活动进行控制，这种货币政策工具是（　　）。

以下关于货币政策中介目标的叙述错误的是（　　）。

下列关于风险分类的说法，不正确的是（　　）。

张先生回国后要将手中多余2万美元换回人民币，现有两家银行USD/CNY报价分别为：A银行6.1500-6.2200，B银行6.1600-6.2150，他最多可以换到多少人民币（　　）。

有价证券特别是债券的票面利率随着期限的增加的提高是因为（　　）。

中国银行的核心价值观是（　　）。

2019年8月12日，中国银行与（　　）签署战略合作协议。双方将在推进金融业关键信息基础设施国产化、服务“一带一路”建设和助力脱贫攻坚战等方面进行战略合作。根据合作协议，双方将发挥各自优势，秉持互利共赢的原则，建立多领域战略合作，实现共同发展。

2019年8月8日，中国银行在北京举行《共建“5G联合创新应用实验室”框架协议》签约仪式,与（　　）共同成立5G联合创新应用实验室。根据协议，双方将开展面向5G的业务创新和场景创新，在创新通信、智慧网点、数字金融、数据智能、物联网金融等业务领域加强合作。

2019年是人民币国际化启动十周年。十年来，中国银行充分发挥全球化和综合化优势，深度参与全球人民币清算体系建设，助力人民币国际化发展。截至目前，中行在（　　）个国家和地区担任人民币清算行，在全球26家授权人民币清算行中占有12席，继续保持同业第一。

2019年7月22日，美国《财富》杂志公布2019年“世界500强”榜单。中国银行以1277.14亿美元营业收入排名第（　　）位，较上一年度上升两位。

2019年5月30日，作为牵头簿记管理人和联席主承销商，中国银行协助（　　）政府发行20亿元熊猫债券，期限3年，获得约63.3亿元认购，票面利率4.09%。其中，境内投资人占比51.5%，境外投资人占比48.5%。本期债券是（　　）政府首次发行以人民币计价的国债，也是首个欧元区国家进入中国大陆市场发行“熊猫债”。

4月10日，中国银行在境外成功发行38亿美元等值第五期（　　）主题债券。此次发行包括美元、欧元、澳元，人民币和港币5个币种，共计8个债券品种，发行主体包括中国银行香港分行、澳门分行，悉尼分行、卢森堡分行、法兰克福分行。债券将在香港联合交易所挂牌上市，部分品种还将在中欧国际交易所、法兰克福证券交易所和卢森堡证券交易所上市。

材料一：为进一步支持实体经济发展，优化流动性结构，降低融资成本，中国人民银行决定下调金融机构存款准备金率1个百分点，其中，2019年1月15日和1月25日分别下调0.5个百分点。同时，2019年一季度到期的中期借贷便利（MLF）不再续做。这样安排能够基本对冲今年春节前由于现金投放造成的流动性波动，有利于金融机构继续加大对小微企业、民营企业支持力度。

下调金融机构存款准备金率1个百分点，将会导致（　　）。

材料一：为进一步支持实体经济发展，优化流动性结构，降低融资成本，中国人民银行决定下调金融机构存款准备金率1个百分点，其中，2019年1月15日和1月25日分别下调0.5个百分点。同时，2019年一季度到期的中期借贷便利（MLF）不再续做。这样安排能够基本对冲今年春节前由于现金投放造成的流动性波动，有利于金融机构继续加大对小微企业、民营企业支持力度。

法定存款准备金率下降，商业银行的法定存款准备金亦减少，这是因为法定存款准备金等于（　　）。

材料一：为进一步支持实体经济发展，优化流动性结构，降低融资成本，中国人民银行决定下调金融机构存款准备金率1个百分点，其中，2019年1月15日和1月25日分别下调0.5个百分点。同时，2019年一季度到期的中期借贷便利（MLF）不再续做。这样安排能够基本对冲今年春节前由于现金投放造成的流动性波动，有利于金融机构继续加大对小微企业、民营企业支持力度。

法定准备金政策、公开市场业务与（　　）共同构成一般性货币政策工具的三大法宝。

材料一：为进一步支持实体经济发展，优化流动性结构，降低融资成本，中国人民银行决定下调金融机构存款准备金率1个百分点，其中，2019年1月15日和1月25日分别下调0.5个百分点。同时，2019年一季度到期的中期借贷便利（MLF）不再续做。这样安排能够基本对冲今年春节前由于现金投放造成的流动性波动，有利于金融机构继续加大对小微企业、民营企业支持力度。

2019年一季度到期的中期借贷便利（MLF）不再续做。MLF工具在2018年多次使用，其在性质上属于（　　）。

材料一：为进一步支持实体经济发展，优化流动性结构，降低融资成本，中国人民银行决定下调金融机构存款准备金率1个百分点，其中，2019年1月15日和1月25日分别下调0.5个百分点。同时，2019年一季度到期的中期借贷便利（MLF）不再续做。这样安排能够基本对冲今年春节前由于现金投放造成的流动性波动，有利于金融机构继续加大对小微企业、民营企业支持力度。

借鉴国际经验，中国人民银行创设了很多新型的货币政策工具来调节流动性。下列不属于新型货币政策工具的是（　　）。

材料二：2018年上半年，我国经常账户逆差1801亿元，资本和金融账户顺差4247亿元，其中，非储备性质的金融账户顺差7451亿元，储备资产增加3192亿元。

按美元计值，2018年二季度，货物贸易顺差1042亿美元，服务贸易逆差737亿美元，初次收入逆差208亿美元，二次收入逆差39亿美元。资本和金融账户逆差58亿美元，其中，资本账户逆差1亿美元，非储备性质的金融账户顺差182亿美元，储备资产增加239亿美元。

按美元计值，2018年上半年，我国经常账户逆差283亿美元，其中，货物贸易顺差1559亿美元，服务贸易逆差1473亿美元，初次收入逆差305亿美元，二次收入逆差65亿美元。资本和金融账户顺差668亿美元，其中，资本账户逆差2亿美元，非储备性质的金融账户顺差1171亿美元，储备资产增加501亿美元。

根据材料数据，按美元计值，2018年上半年国际收支账户（　　）。

材料二：2018年上半年，我国经常账户逆差1801亿元，资本和金融账户顺差4247亿元，其中，非储备性质的金融账户顺差7451亿元，储备资产增加3192亿元。

按美元计值，2018年二季度，货物贸易顺差1042亿美元，服务贸易逆差737亿美元，初次收入逆差208亿美元，二次收入逆差39亿美元。资本和金融账户逆差58亿美元，其中，资本账户逆差1亿美元，非储备性质的金融账户顺差182亿美元，储备资产增加239亿美元。

按美元计值，2018年上半年，我国经常账户逆差283亿美元，其中，货物贸易顺差1559亿美元，服务贸易逆差1473亿美元，初次收入逆差305亿美元，二次收入逆差65亿美元。资本和金融账户顺差668亿美元，其中，资本账户逆差2亿美元，非储备性质的金融账户顺差1171亿美元，储备资产增加501亿美元。

（　　）是国际收支中最主要的账户。

材料二：2018年上半年，我国经常账户逆差1801亿元，资本和金融账户顺差4247亿元，其中，非储备性质的金融账户顺差7451亿元，储备资产增加3192亿元。

按美元计值，2018年二季度，货物贸易顺差1042亿美元，服务贸易逆差737亿美元，初次收入逆差208亿美元，二次收入逆差39亿美元。资本和金融账户逆差58亿美元，其中，资本账户逆差1亿美元，非储备性质的金融账户顺差182亿美元，储备资产增加239亿美元。

按美元计值，2018年上半年，我国经常账户逆差283亿美元，其中，货物贸易顺差1559亿美元，服务贸易逆差1473亿美元，初次收入逆差305亿美元，二次收入逆差65亿美元。资本和金融账户顺差668亿美元，其中，资本账户逆差2亿美元，非储备性质的金融账户顺差1171亿美元，储备资产增加501亿美元。

在编制国际收支平衡表中，不属于经常账户的项目的是（　　）。

材料二：2018年上半年，我国经常账户逆差1801亿元，资本和金融账户顺差4247亿元，其中，非储备性质的金融账户顺差7451亿元，储备资产增加3192亿元。

按美元计值，2018年二季度，货物贸易顺差1042亿美元，服务贸易逆差737亿美元，初次收入逆差208亿美元，二次收入逆差39亿美元。资本和金融账户逆差58亿美元，其中，资本账户逆差1亿美元，非储备性质的金融账户顺差182亿美元，储备资产增加239亿美元。

按美元计值，2018年上半年，我国经常账户逆差283亿美元，其中，货物贸易顺差1559亿美元，服务贸易逆差1473亿美元，初次收入逆差305亿美元，二次收入逆差65亿美元。资本和金融账户顺差668亿美元，其中，资本账户逆差2亿美元，非储备性质的金融账户顺差1171亿美元，储备资产增加501亿美元。

下列关于国际收支平衡表说法正确的是（　　）

材料二：2018年上半年，我国经常账户逆差1801亿元，资本和金融账户顺差4247亿元，其中，非储备性质的金融账户顺差7451亿元，储备资产增加3192亿元。

按美元计值，2018年二季度，货物贸易顺差1042亿美元，服务贸易逆差737亿美元，初次收入逆差208亿美元，二次收入逆差39亿美元。资本和金融账户逆差58亿美元，其中，资本账户逆差1亿美元，非储备性质的金融账户顺差182亿美元，储备资产增加239亿美元。

按美元计值，2018年上半年，我国经常账户逆差283亿美元，其中，货物贸易顺差1559亿美元，服务贸易逆差1473亿美元，初次收入逆差305亿美元，二次收入逆差65亿美元。资本和金融账户顺差668亿美元，其中，资本账户逆差2亿美元，非储备性质的金融账户顺差1171亿美元，储备资产增加501亿美元。

根据会计记账准则，下列计入国际收支平衡表的借方账户的有（　　）。

For quite（　　）students,their teacher’s advice is much more useful than（　　）of their parents’.

“Tommy,run!Be quick!The house is on fire!”the mother shouted,with（　　）clearly in her voice.

Facing the board of directors,he didn’t deny（　　）breaking the agreement.

When asked（　　）they needed most,children said they wanted more love and care.

There is an increasing（　　）to make movies describing violence.

If you have never planted anything,you will not be able to know the pleasure of watching the things you have planed（　　）.

That’s（　　）I don’t agree.You should have a more active attitude.

We all hope that new economic plan of yours（　　）miracle.

The sudden heavy rain（　　）our holiday plan.

They failed to pass the exam last time.I regretted（　　）.

It is said that he（　　）for several years.

This ticket（　　）you to a free meal.

It is uncertain（　　）side effect the medicine will bring about.

If you（　　）to book a meeting room,please see Ms.Liu at the front desk.

Henry found it difficult to get his British jokes（　　）to Chinese audience.

It was only a quiz,no need to take it（　　）.

Experiments of this kind（　　）in both the U.S and Europe well before the WWII.

The seaside draws a lot of attention here every summer.Warm sunshine and soft sands make（　　）it is.

Never（　　）forget the day when（　　）together with you.

（　　）the Atlantic Ocean crosses the equator,the trade winds cause a flow of water to the west.

Everything returned to normal（　　）nothing had happened.

It was the training（　　）Sam had at school（　　）made him an excellent runner.

（　　）by his performance,I would say he has a good chance of winning.

Luckily,the bullet narrow missed the captain（　　）an inch.

The customer wanted to get a refund,because the purchased merchandise was neither good in quality（　　）price.

It was very important（　　）all projects before the end of the fiscal year.

It is not hard to read Arya,because she（　　）blushes with embarrassment when she has a terrible conversation with others.

The car industry has expanded at a（　　）rate over the past ten years.

We all convinced that the project was（　　）.

I have read up to（　　）the children discover the secret cave,what about you?

I never imagined that she could walk（　　）far,7 miles per day!.

We G20 members must（　　）follow the underlying historical trend so as to chart the course for the future.

The spokesman didn’t（　　）any details concerning the disarmament talk.

Being questioned on the court,the man denied（　　）the diamond.

Hurricanes are severe cyclones with winds over 75 miles an hour（　　）originate over tropical ocean waters.

It is high time that the authorities（　　）some inspection to this phenomenon.

You can only be sure of（　　）you have at present;you cannot be sure of something（　　）you might get in the future.

The earth moves around the sun,（　　）we all know it.

（　　）he did was right.So everyone believed in him.

We need to get necessary funds so that a complete（　　）of the facility can be done.

Most environmental problems exist nowadays mainly because the efficient measures（　　）taken in the past.

If you do what you really like,you will know how it feels to be（　　）and relaxed.

If you want children to work hard,you must（　　）their interests more.

When Monte broke the glass,he tried to put the（　　）back together.

Their happiness was very（　　）.

I still remember the day I first met her,she（　　）.

On the next birthday,Ann（　　）married for twenty years.

I（　　）in the library every night over the last three months.

The fact worried many scientists（　　）the earth is becoming warmer and warmer.

Computer cannot remember who has used it;it simply does what（　　）.

Passage 1

The IMF believes that economic growth is picking up,sounds familiar.

April is the cruelest month,breeding lilacs out of the dead land,and,in Washington,chirpy forecasts from the IMF that often prove a bit too chirpy.On April 18th the fund released its semi-annual World Economic Outlook（WEO）,raising its forecast for global growth in 2017 to 3.5%.Growth forecasts for the emerging world have not changed.The IMF's global optimism is based instead on hopes of increased growth in the rich world.

The fund takes a rosy view of the American economy,citing both high levels of consumer confidence and Donald Trump's plans for more government spending.

In Britain the IMF now reckons GDP will grow by 2.0%in 2017,up from earlier estimates of 1.5%（issued in January）and 1.1%（last October）.The IMF has also raised its forecasts for Japan and the euro area.

Snipers point out that IMF forecasts have been far from perfect.Some glitches are excusable.In the spring of 1990,it predicted that Kuwait's economy would grow by 0.8%that year.It actually fell by 26%.

What’s the main idea of this passage?（　　）

Passage 1

The IMF believes that economic growth is picking up,sounds familiar.

April is the cruelest month,breeding lilacs out of the dead land,and,in Washington,chirpy forecasts from the IMF that often prove a bit too chirpy.On April 18th the fund released its semi-annual World Economic Outlook（WEO）,raising its forecast for global growth in 2017 to 3.5%.Growth forecasts for the emerging world have not changed.The IMF's global optimism is based instead on hopes of increased growth in the rich world.

The fund takes a rosy view of the American economy,citing both high levels of consumer confidence and Donald Trump's plans for more government spending.

In Britain the IMF now reckons GDP will grow by 2.0%in 2017,up from earlier estimates of 1.5%（issued in January）and 1.1%（last October）.The IMF has also raised its forecasts for Japan and the euro area.

Snipers point out that IMF forecasts have been far from perfect.Some glitches are excusable.In the spring of 1990,it predicted that Kuwait's economy would grow by 0.8%that year.It actually fell by 26%.

What does the underlined word“chirpy”refer to in paragraph 2?（　　）

Passage 1

The IMF believes that economic growth is picking up,sounds familiar.

April is the cruelest month,breeding lilacs out of the dead land,and,in Washington,chirpy forecasts from the IMF that often prove a bit too chirpy.On April 18th the fund released its semi-annual World Economic Outlook（WEO）,raising its forecast for global growth in 2017 to 3.5%.Growth forecasts for the emerging world have not changed.The IMF's global optimism is based instead on hopes of increased growth in the rich world.

The fund takes a rosy view of the American economy,citing both high levels of consumer confidence and Donald Trump's plans for more government spending.

In Britain the IMF now reckons GDP will grow by 2.0%in 2017,up from earlier estimates of 1.5%（issued in January）and 1.1%（last October）.The IMF has also raised its forecasts for Japan and the euro area.

Snipers point out that IMF forecasts have been far from perfect.Some glitches are excusable.In the spring of 1990,it predicted that Kuwait's economy would grow by 0.8%that year.It actually fell by 26%.

Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?（　　）

Passage 1

The IMF believes that economic growth is picking up,sounds familiar.

April is the cruelest month,breeding lilacs out of the dead land,and,in Washington,chirpy forecasts from the IMF that often prove a bit too chirpy.On April 18th the fund released its semi-annual World Economic Outlook（WEO）,raising its forecast for global growth in 2017 to 3.5%.Growth forecasts for the emerging world have not changed.The IMF's global optimism is based instead on hopes of increased growth in the rich world.

The fund takes a rosy view of the American economy,citing both high levels of consumer confidence and Donald Trump's plans for more government spending.

In Britain the IMF now reckons GDP will grow by 2.0%in 2017,up from earlier estimates of 1.5%（issued in January）and 1.1%（last October）.The IMF has also raised its forecasts for Japan and the euro area.

Snipers point out that IMF forecasts have been far from perfect.Some glitches are excusable.In the spring of 1990,it predicted that Kuwait's economy would grow by 0.8%that year.It actually fell by 26%.

According to the passage,the estimate of the IMF on Britain’s GDP has been increased（　　）this year.

Passage 1

The IMF believes that economic growth is picking up,sounds familiar.

April is the cruelest month,breeding lilacs out of the dead land,and,in Washington,chirpy forecasts from the IMF that often prove a bit too chirpy.On April 18th the fund released its semi-annual World Economic Outlook（WEO）,raising its forecast for global growth in 2017 to 3.5%.Growth forecasts for the emerging world have not changed.The IMF's global optimism is based instead on hopes of increased growth in the rich world.

The fund takes a rosy view of the American economy,citing both high levels of consumer confidence and Donald Trump's plans for more government spending.

In Britain the IMF now reckons GDP will grow by 2.0%in 2017,up from earlier estimates of 1.5%（issued in January）and 1.1%（last October）.The IMF has also raised its forecasts for Japan and the euro area.

Snipers point out that IMF forecasts have been far from perfect.Some glitches are excusable.In the spring of 1990,it predicted that Kuwait's economy would grow by 0.8%that year.It actually fell by 26%.

What’s the author’s attitude according to the passage?（　　）

Passage 2

“HOMESTAY NETWORK”STUDENT GUIDELINES

On arrival at your new home:

·Try to remember the names of your host family.If unsure about how to address them,it is okay to ask how they would like to be called.For example,if it is impolite in your country to call someone elder by their first name,ask if it’s okay to add Mr.or Mrs.in front of their names.Some Americans do not like to be addressed this way because it makes them feel old.

·Show your family that you are grateful for being your host.But do not give expensive gifts.It is,however,considered appropriate to bring inexpensive handcrafts from your country or a small gift for the children of the host family.

·Your host family will be curious to know more about you.Bring photos of your family and friends to share with them.This is also a great way to break the ice with them.

·After you get settled,your host family will help you make a call to your parents to assure them that you have arrived-safely.

·After you’ve had dinner,you may ask the host family to be excused early.They will be fully aware of the fact that you might be jet lagged,so feel free to ask them.

On your first day of school:

·On your first day of school,your host family will take you to school and help you with the necessary registration paperwork.

·Your host family will also make sure that you know your way to and from school.They will also teach you how to use public transportation

·When traveling alone,you should at all times carry a map and the phone number of your host family.

·In case you are lost and cannot get in touch with your host family,you can contact the“Home stay Network”.

For whom is this guideline intended?（　　）

Passage 2

“HOMESTAY NETWORK”STUDENT GUIDELINES

On arrival at your new home:

·Try to remember the names of your host family.If unsure about how to address them,it is okay to ask how they would like to be called.For example,if it is impolite in your country to call someone elder by their first name,ask if it’s okay to add Mr.or Mrs.in front of their names.Some Americans do not like to be addressed this way because it makes them feel old.

·Show your family that you are grateful for being your host.But do not give expensive gifts.It is,however,considered appropriate to bring inexpensive handcrafts from your country or a small gift for the children of the host family.

·Your host family will be curious to know more about you.Bring photos of your family and friends to share with them.This is also a great way to break the ice with them.

·After you get settled,your host family will help you make a call to your parents to assure them that you have arrived-safely.

·After you’ve had dinner,you may ask the host family to be excused early.They will be fully aware of the fact that you might be jet lagged,so feel free to ask them.

On your first day of school:

·On your first day of school,your host family will take you to school and help you with the necessary registration paperwork.

·Your host family will also make sure that you know your way to and from school.They will also teach you how to use public transportation

·When traveling alone,you should at all times carry a map and the phone number of your host family.

·In case you are lost and cannot get in touch with your host family,you can contact the“Home stay Network”.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the guideline?（　　）

Passage 2

“HOMESTAY NETWORK”STUDENT GUIDELINES

On arrival at your new home:

·Try to remember the names of your host family.If unsure about how to address them,it is okay to ask how they would like to be called.For example,if it is impolite in your country to call someone elder by their first name,ask if it’s okay to add Mr.or Mrs.in front of their names.Some Americans do not like to be addressed this way because it makes them feel old.

·Show your family that you are grateful for being your host.But do not give expensive gifts.It is,however,considered appropriate to bring inexpensive handcrafts from your country or a small gift for the children of the host family.

·Your host family will be curious to know more about you.Bring photos of your family and friends to share with them.This is also a great way to break the ice with them.

·After you get settled,your host family will help you make a call to your parents to assure them that you have arrived-safely.

·After you’ve had dinner,you may ask the host family to be excused early.They will be fully aware of the fact that you might be jet lagged,so feel free to ask them.

On your first day of school:

·On your first day of school,your host family will take you to school and help you with the necessary registration paperwork.

·Your host family will also make sure that you know your way to and from school.They will also teach you how to use public transportation

·When traveling alone,you should at all times carry a map and the phone number of your host family.

·In case you are lost and cannot get in touch with your host family,you can contact the“Home stay Network”.

What might be an appropriate present for the host family?（　　）

Passage 2

“HOMESTAY NETWORK”STUDENT GUIDELINES

On arrival at your new home:

·Try to remember the names of your host family.If unsure about how to address them,it is okay to ask how they would like to be called.For example,if it is impolite in your country to call someone elder by their first name,ask if it’s okay to add Mr.or Mrs.in front of their names.Some Americans do not like to be addressed this way because it makes them feel old.

·Show your family that you are grateful for being your host.But do not give expensive gifts.It is,however,considered appropriate to bring inexpensive handcrafts from your country or a small gift for the children of the host family.

·Your host family will be curious to know more about you.Bring photos of your family and friends to share with them.This is also a great way to break the ice with them.

·After you get settled,your host family will help you make a call to your parents to assure them that you have arrived-safely.

·After you’ve had dinner,you may ask the host family to be excused early.They will be fully aware of the fact that you might be jet lagged,so feel free to ask them.

On your first day of school:

·On your first day of school,your host family will take you to school and help you with the necessary registration paperwork.

·Your host family will also make sure that you know your way to and from school.They will also teach you how to use public transportation

·When traveling alone,you should at all times carry a map and the phone number of your host family.

·In case you are lost and cannot get in touch with your host family,you can contact the“Home stay Network”.

What is implied by the guidelines?（　　）

Passage 2

“HOMESTAY NETWORK”STUDENT GUIDELINES

On arrival at your new home:

·Try to remember the names of your host family.If unsure about how to address them,it is okay to ask how they would like to be called.For example,if it is impolite in your country to call someone elder by their first name,ask if it’s okay to add Mr.or Mrs.in front of their names.Some Americans do not like to be addressed this way because it makes them feel old.

·Show your family that you are grateful for being your host.But do not give expensive gifts.It is,however,considered appropriate to bring inexpensive handcrafts from your country or a small gift for the children of the host family.

·Your host family will be curious to know more about you.Bring photos of your family and friends to share with them.This is also a great way to break the ice with them.

·After you get settled,your host family will help you make a call to your parents to assure them that you have arrived-safely.

·After you’ve had dinner,you may ask the host family to be excused early.They will be fully aware of the fact that you might be jet lagged,so feel free to ask them.

On your first day of school:

·On your first day of school,your host family will take you to school and help you with the necessary registration paperwork.

·Your host family will also make sure that you know your way to and from school.They will also teach you how to use public transportation

·When traveling alone,you should at all times carry a map and the phone number of your host family.

·In case you are lost and cannot get in touch with your host family,you can contact the“Home stay Network”.

When traveling alone,you should do the followings EXCEPT（　　）.

Passage 3

Today,widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year.After all,if everyone you know is going to college in the fall,it seems silly to stay back a year,doesn’t it?And after going to school for 12 years,it doesn’t feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn't academic.

But while this may be true,it's not a good enough reason to condemn gap years.There’s always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated“race to the finish line,”whether that be toward graduate school,medical school or lucrative career.But despite common misconceptions,a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits—in fact,it probably enhances it.

Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not.Rather than pulling students back,a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence,new responsibilities and environmental changes—all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment,making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than?acclimation?blunders.

If you’re not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests,then consider its financial impact on future academic choices.According to the National Center for Education Statistics,nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once.This isn’t surprising,considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications,but switching to another after taking college classes.It’s not necessarily a bad thing,but depending on the school,it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game.At Boston College,for example,you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department.Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.

One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that（　　）.

Passage 3

Today,widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year.After all,if everyone you know is going to college in the fall,it seems silly to stay back a year,doesn’t it?And after going to school for 12 years,it doesn’t feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn't academic.

But while this may be true,it's not a good enough reason to condemn gap years.There’s always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated“race to the finish line,”whether that be toward graduate school,medical school or lucrative career.But despite common misconceptions,a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits—in fact,it probably enhances it.

Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not.Rather than pulling students back,a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence,new responsibilities and environmental changes—all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment,making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than?acclimation?blunders.

If you’re not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests,then consider its financial impact on future academic choices.According to the National Center for Education Statistics,nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once.This isn’t surprising,considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications,but switching to another after taking college classes.It’s not necessarily a bad thing,but depending on the school,it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game.At Boston College,for example,you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department.Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.

Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps（　　）.

Passage 3

Today,widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year.After all,if everyone you know is going to college in the fall,it seems silly to stay back a year,doesn’t it?And after going to school for 12 years,it doesn’t feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn't academic.

But while this may be true,it's not a good enough reason to condemn gap years.There’s always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated“race to the finish line,”whether that be toward graduate school,medical school or lucrative career.But despite common misconceptions,a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits—in fact,it probably enhances it.

Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not.Rather than pulling students back,a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence,new responsibilities and environmental changes—all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment,making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than?acclimation?blunders.

If you’re not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests,then consider its financial impact on future academic choices.According to the National Center for Education Statistics,nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once.This isn’t surprising,considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications,but switching to another after taking college classes.It’s not necessarily a bad thing,but depending on the school,it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game.At Boston College,for example,you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department.Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.

The underlined word“acclimation”（Para.3）is closest in meaning to（　　）.

Passage 3

Today,widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year.After all,if everyone you know is going to college in the fall,it seems silly to stay back a year,doesn’t it?And after going to school for 12 years,it doesn’t feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn't academic.

But while this may be true,it's not a good enough reason to condemn gap years.There’s always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated“race to the finish line,”whether that be toward graduate school,medical school or lucrative career.But despite common misconceptions,a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits—in fact,it probably enhances it.

Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not.Rather than pulling students back,a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence,new responsibilities and environmental changes—all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment,making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than?acclimation?blunders.

If you’re not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests,then consider its financial impact on future academic choices.According to the National Center for Education Statistics,nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once.This isn’t surprising,considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications,but switching to another after taking college classes.It’s not necessarily a bad thing,but depending on the school,it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game.At Boston College,for example,you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department.Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.

What a gap year could do for students?（　　）.

Passage 3

Today,widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year.After all,if everyone you know is going to college in the fall,it seems silly to stay back a year,doesn’t it?And after going to school for 12 years,it doesn’t feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn't academic.

But while this may be true,it's not a good enough reason to condemn gap years.There’s always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated“race to the finish line,”whether that be toward graduate school,medical school or lucrative career.But despite common misconceptions,a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits—in fact,it probably enhances it.

Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not.Rather than pulling students back,a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence,new responsibilities and environmental changes—all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment,making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than?acclimation?blunders.

If you’re not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests,then consider its financial impact on future academic choices.According to the National Center for Education Statistics,nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once.This isn’t surprising,considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications,but switching to another after taking college classes.It’s not necessarily a bad thing,but depending on the school,it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game.At Boston College,for example,you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department.Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.

The most suitable title for this text would be（　　）.

Passage 4

Alex Taw,a 21yearold student from Wiltshire,England.He spent last summer like any other high school graduate—hanging out with friends,preparing for college,worrying about his university fees.While most of his peers gave up on their pipe dreams,he sat down with a notebook at home,and jotted down the question:How can I become a millionaire?

The result was the Million Dollar Homepage.com.Alex’s initial investment was 50 pounds to buy web space and a domain name.He divided the blank homepage into one million pixels,10,000 blocks of 100 pixels each.Each pixel was worth$1 with minimum purchase 100 pixels.Within a month Alex had earned some$37,000,enough for him to cover the entire cost of his forthcoming three years at university.In just a few months,he became a real millionaire.

How did he come up with the idea of the Million Dollar Homepage?

“Well,I was trying to think of a way to make some money before I started university,as I was about to take on a huge debt and I was already overdrawn.Swift action was necessary!”He said.

He also added,“The important thing is that anything is possible—we are only limited by our imagination.I always had this belief that a good idea can be successful on its own.I think I’ve learned that if we think deeper there are magical solutions hiding away for us to find.”

His personal philosophy around money is:Money is not everything,but it’s an essential part of the way we live.Having some removes a certain amount of stress,but,unless we are careful,it can create a new type of stress.

He also said,“I still want to go to university.Aside from gaining knowledge about business,there are other reasons—exploring your interests,meeting new people,and being in a creative environment.”

Besides making contributions to society,he would try to encourage and inspire people to think of creative solutions to problems,whatever they are.

According to the passage,which of the following is NOT an important factor for being a millionaire?（　　）

Passage 4

Alex Taw,a 21yearold student from Wiltshire,England.He spent last summer like any other high school graduate—hanging out with friends,preparing for college,worrying about his university fees.While most of his peers gave up on their pipe dreams,he sat down with a notebook at home,and jotted down the question:How can I become a millionaire?

The result was the Million Dollar Homepage.com.Alex’s initial investment was 50 pounds to buy web space and a domain name.He divided the blank homepage into one million pixels,10,000 blocks of 100 pixels each.Each pixel was worth$1 with minimum purchase 100 pixels.Within a month Alex had earned some$37,000,enough for him to cover the entire cost of his forthcoming three years at university.In just a few months,he became a real millionaire.

How did he come up with the idea of the Million Dollar Homepage?

“Well,I was trying to think of a way to make some money before I started university,as I was about to take on a huge debt and I was already overdrawn.Swift action was necessary!”He said.

He also added,“The important thing is that anything is possible—we are only limited by our imagination.I always had this belief that a good idea can be successful on its own.I think I’ve learned that if we think deeper there are magical solutions hiding away for us to find.”

His personal philosophy around money is:Money is not everything,but it’s an essential part of the way we live.Having some removes a certain amount of stress,but,unless we are careful,it can create a new type of stress.

He also said,“I still want to go to university.Aside from gaining knowledge about business,there are other reasons—exploring your interests,meeting new people,and being in a creative environment.”

Besides making contributions to society,he would try to encourage and inspire people to think of creative solutions to problems,whatever they are.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?（　　）

Passage 4

Alex Taw,a 21yearold student from Wiltshire,England.He spent last summer like any other high school graduate—hanging out with friends,preparing for college,worrying about his university fees.While most of his peers gave up on their pipe dreams,he sat down with a notebook at home,and jotted down the question:How can I become a millionaire?

The result was the Million Dollar Homepage.com.Alex’s initial investment was 50 pounds to buy web space and a domain name.He divided the blank homepage into one million pixels,10,000 blocks of 100 pixels each.Each pixel was worth$1 with minimum purchase 100 pixels.Within a month Alex had earned some$37,000,enough for him to cover the entire cost of his forthcoming three years at university.In just a few months,he became a real millionaire.

How did he come up with the idea of the Million Dollar Homepage?

“Well,I was trying to think of a way to make some money before I started university,as I was about to take on a huge debt and I was already overdrawn.Swift action was necessary!”He said.

He also added,“The important thing is that anything is possible—we are only limited by our imagination.I always had this belief that a good idea can be successful on its own.I think I’ve learned that if we think deeper there are magical solutions hiding away for us to find.”

His personal philosophy around money is:Money is not everything,but it’s an essential part of the way we live.Having some removes a certain amount of stress,but,unless we are careful,it can create a new type of stress.

He also said,“I still want to go to university.Aside from gaining knowledge about business,there are other reasons—exploring your interests,meeting new people,and being in a creative environment.”

Besides making contributions to society,he would try to encourage and inspire people to think of creative solutions to problems,whatever they are.

What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 6 mean?（　　）

Passage 4

Alex Taw,a 21yearold student from Wiltshire,England.He spent last summer like any other high school graduate—hanging out with friends,preparing for college,worrying about his university fees.While most of his peers gave up on their pipe dreams,he sat down with a notebook at home,and jotted down the question:How can I become a millionaire?

The result was the Million Dollar Homepage.com.Alex’s initial investment was 50 pounds to buy web space and a domain name.He divided the blank homepage into one million pixels,10,000 blocks of 100 pixels each.Each pixel was worth$1 with minimum purchase 100 pixels.Within a month Alex had earned some$37,000,enough for him to cover the entire cost of his forthcoming three years at university.In just a few months,he became a real millionaire.

How did he come up with the idea of the Million Dollar Homepage?

“Well,I was trying to think of a way to make some money before I started university,as I was about to take on a huge debt and I was already overdrawn.Swift action was necessary!”He said.

He also added,“The important thing is that anything is possible—we are only limited by our imagination.I always had this belief that a good idea can be successful on its own.I think I’ve learned that if we think deeper there are magical solutions hiding away for us to find.”

His personal philosophy around money is:Money is not everything,but it’s an essential part of the way we live.Having some removes a certain amount of stress,but,unless we are careful,it can create a new type of stress.

He also said,“I still want to go to university.Aside from gaining knowledge about business,there are other reasons—exploring your interests,meeting new people,and being in a creative environment.”

Besides making contributions to society,he would try to encourage and inspire people to think of creative solutions to problems,whatever they are.

What would be the best title for the passage?（　　）

Passage 4

Alex Taw,a 21yearold student from Wiltshire,England.He spent last summer like any other high school graduate—hanging out with friends,preparing for college,worrying about his university fees.While most of his peers gave up on their pipe dreams,he sat down with a notebook at home,and jotted down the question:How can I become a millionaire?

The result was the Million Dollar Homepage.com.Alex’s initial investment was 50 pounds to buy web space and a domain name.He divided the blank homepage into one million pixels,10,000 blocks of 100 pixels each.Each pixel was worth$1 with minimum purchase 100 pixels.Within a month Alex had earned some$37,000,enough for him to cover the entire cost of his forthcoming three years at university.In just a few months,he became a real millionaire.

How did he come up with the idea of the Million Dollar Homepage?

“Well,I was trying to think of a way to make some money before I started university,as I was about to take on a huge debt and I was already overdrawn.Swift action was necessary!”He said.

He also added,“The important thing is that anything is possible—we are only limited by our imagination.I always had this belief that a good idea can be successful on its own.I think I’ve learned that if we think deeper there are magical solutions hiding away for us to find.”

His personal philosophy around money is:Money is not everything,but it’s an essential part of the way we live.Having some removes a certain amount of stress,but,unless we are careful,it can create a new type of stress.

He also said,“I still want to go to university.Aside from gaining knowledge about business,there are other reasons—exploring your interests,meeting new people,and being in a creative environment.”

Besides making contributions to society,he would try to encourage and inspire people to think of creative solutions to problems,whatever they are.

What is the author’s tone in the passage?（　　）

Passage 5

A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement spread ever farther westward.The early trains were impractical curiosities,and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems.The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load,and the development of a safe,effective stopping system.Once these were solved,the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation.By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi.There were also regional southern and western lines.

The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system.In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point,so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific.The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land.Actual work on this project began four years later.The Central Pacific Company,starting from California,used Chinese labor,while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers.The two groups worked at remarkable speed,each trying to cover a greater distance than the other.In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah.Many visitors came there for the great occasion.There were joyous celebrations all over the country,with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement.It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets.In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.

The major problems with America’s railroad system in the mid-19th century lay in（　　）.

Passage 5

A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement spread ever farther westward.The early trains were impractical curiosities,and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems.The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load,and the development of a safe,effective stopping system.Once these were solved,the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation.By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi.There were also regional southern and western lines.

The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system.In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point,so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific.The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land.Actual work on this project began four years later.The Central Pacific Company,starting from California,used Chinese labor,while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers.The two groups worked at remarkable speed,each trying to cover a greater distance than the other.In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah.Many visitors came there for the great occasion.There were joyous celebrations all over the country,with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement.It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets.In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.

The building of the first transcontinental system（　　）.

Passage 5

A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement spread ever farther westward.The early trains were impractical curiosities,and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems.The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load,and the development of a safe,effective stopping system.Once these were solved,the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation.By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi.There were also regional southern and western lines.

The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system.In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point,so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific.The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land.Actual work on this project began four years later.The Central Pacific Company,starting from California,used Chinese labor,while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers.The two groups worked at remarkable speed,each trying to cover a greater distance than the other.In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah.Many visitors came there for the great occasion.There were joyous celebrations all over the country,with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement.It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets.In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.

The best title for this passage would be（　　）.

Passage 5

A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement spread ever farther westward.The early trains were impractical curiosities,and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems.The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load,and the development of a safe,effective stopping system.Once these were solved,the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation.By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi.There were also regional southern and western lines.

The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system.In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point,so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific.The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land.Actual work on this project began four years later.The Central Pacific Company,starting from California,used Chinese labor,while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers.The two groups worked at remarkable speed,each trying to cover a greater distance than the other.In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah.Many visitors came there for the great occasion.There were joyous celebrations all over the country,with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement.It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets.In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.

The construction of the transcontinental railroad took（　　）.

Passage 5

A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement spread ever farther westward.The early trains were impractical curiosities,and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems.The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load,and the development of a safe,effective stopping system.Once these were solved,the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation.By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi.There were also regional southern and western lines.

The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system.In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point,so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific.The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land.Actual work on this project began four years later.The Central Pacific Company,starting from California,used Chinese labor,while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers.The two groups worked at remarkable speed,each trying to cover a greater distance than the other.In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah.Many visitors came there for the great occasion.There were joyous celebrations all over the country,with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement.It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets.In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.

What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?（　　）

Passage 6

First two hours,now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight,at least at some major U.S.airports with increasingly massive security lines.

Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety.The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea,provides another tragic reminder of why.But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process.And it should:Wasted time is a drag on Americans'economic and private lives,not to mention infuriating.

Last year,the Transportation Security Administration（TSA）found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried.Enhanced security measures since then,combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices,have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O’Hare International.It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.

Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel,so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line.Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees,though the airlines strongly dispute this.

There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire:Enroll more people in the PreCheck program.PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use?expedited?screening lanes.This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk,saving time for everyone involved.TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.

It has not gotten anywhere close to that,and one big reason is sticker shock:Passengers must pay$85 every five years to process their background checks.Since the beginning,this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw.Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level.But Congress should look into doing so directly,by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.

The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines.It is long past time to make the program work.

The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to（　　）.

Passage 6

First two hours,now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight,at least at some major U.S.airports with increasingly massive security lines.

Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety.The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea,provides another tragic reminder of why.But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process.And it should:Wasted time is a drag on Americans'economic and private lives,not to mention infuriating.

Last year,the Transportation Security Administration（TSA）found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried.Enhanced security measures since then,combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices,have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O’Hare International.It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.

Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel,so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line.Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees,though the airlines strongly dispute this.

There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire:Enroll more people in the PreCheck program.PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use?expedited?screening lanes.This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk,saving time for everyone involved.TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.

It has not gotten anywhere close to that,and one big reason is sticker shock:Passengers must pay$85 every five years to process their background checks.Since the beginning,this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw.Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level.But Congress should look into doing so directly,by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.

The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines.It is long past time to make the program work.

Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?（　　）

Passage 6

First two hours,now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight,at least at some major U.S.airports with increasingly massive security lines.

Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety.The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea,provides another tragic reminder of why.But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process.And it should:Wasted time is a drag on Americans'economic and private lives,not to mention infuriating.

Last year,the Transportation Security Administration（TSA）found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried.Enhanced security measures since then,combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices,have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O’Hare International.It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.

Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel,so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line.Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees,though the airlines strongly dispute this.

There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire:Enroll more people in the PreCheck program.PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use?expedited?screening lanes.This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk,saving time for everyone involved.TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.

It has not gotten anywhere close to that,and one big reason is sticker shock:Passengers must pay$85 every five years to process their background checks.Since the beginning,this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw.Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level.But Congress should look into doing so directly,by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.

The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines.It is long past time to make the program work.

The underlined word“expedited”（Liner 4,Para.5）is closet in meaning to（　　）.

Passage 6

First two hours,now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight,at least at some major U.S.airports with increasingly massive security lines.

Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety.The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea,provides another tragic reminder of why.But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process.And it should:Wasted time is a drag on Americans'economic and private lives,not to mention infuriating.

Last year,the Transportation Security Administration（TSA）found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried.Enhanced security measures since then,combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices,have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O’Hare International.It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.

Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel,so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line.Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees,though the airlines strongly dispute this.

There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire:Enroll more people in the PreCheck program.PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use?expedited?screening lanes.This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk,saving time for everyone involved.TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.

It has not gotten anywhere close to that,and one big reason is sticker shock:Passengers must pay$85 every five years to process their background checks.Since the beginning,this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw.Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level.But Congress should look into doing so directly,by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.

The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines.It is long past time to make the program work.

One problem with the PreCheck program is（　　）.

Passage 6

First two hours,now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight,at least at some major U.S.airports with increasingly massive security lines.

Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety.The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea,provides another tragic reminder of why.But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process.And it should:Wasted time is a drag on Americans'economic and private lives,not to mention infuriating.

Last year,the Transportation Security Administration（TSA）found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried.Enhanced security measures since then,combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices,have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O’Hare International.It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.

Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel,so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line.Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees,though the airlines strongly dispute this.

There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire:Enroll more people in the PreCheck program.PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use?expedited?screening lanes.This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk,saving time for everyone involved.TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.

It has not gotten anywhere close to that,and one big reason is sticker shock:Passengers must pay$85 every five years to process their background checks.Since the beginning,this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw.Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level.But Congress should look into doing so directly,by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.

The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines.It is long past time to make the program work.

Which of the following would be the best for the text?（　　）

Passage 7

In a rare unanimous ruling,the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor,Robert McDonnell.But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct,which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.

The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr.McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his“official acts,”or the former governor’s decisions on“specific”and“unsettled”issues related to his duties.

Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials,unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials,is not corruption,the justices found.

The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is“distasteful”and“nasty.”But under anti-bribery laws,proof must be made of concrete benefits,such as approval of a contract or regulation.Simply arranging a meeting,making a phone call,or hosting an event is not an“official act.”

The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal.Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery.“The basic compact underlying representative government,”wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,“assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”

But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives,not the courts,to ensure equality of access to government.Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift.This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency,such as records of official meetings,rules on lobbying,and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.

Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption.But it is not always corruption.Rather officials must avoid double standards,or different types of access for average people and the wealthy.If connections can be bought,a basic premise of democratic society–that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined.Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.

The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

The underlined sentence（Para.1）most probably shows that the court（　　）.

Passage 7

In a rare unanimous ruling,the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor,Robert McDonnell.But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct,which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.

The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr.McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his“official acts,”or the former governor’s decisions on“specific”and“unsettled”issues related to his duties.

Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials,unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials,is not corruption,the justices found.

The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is“distasteful”and“nasty.”But under anti-bribery laws,proof must be made of concrete benefits,such as approval of a contract or regulation.Simply arranging a meeting,making a phone call,or hosting an event is not an“official act.”

The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal.Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery.“The basic compact underlying representative government,”wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,“assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”

But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives,not the courts,to ensure equality of access to government.Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift.This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency,such as records of official meetings,rules on lobbying,and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.

Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption.But it is not always corruption.Rather officials must avoid double standards,or different types of access for average people and the wealthy.If connections can be bought,a basic premise of democratic society–that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined.Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.

The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

According to Paragraph 4,an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves（　　）.

Passage 7

In a rare unanimous ruling,the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor,Robert McDonnell.But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct,which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.

The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr.McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his“official acts,”or the former governor’s decisions on“specific”and“unsettled”issues related to his duties.

Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials,unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials,is not corruption,the justices found.

The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is“distasteful”and“nasty.”But under anti-bribery laws,proof must be made of concrete benefits,such as approval of a contract or regulation.Simply arranging a meeting,making a phone call,or hosting an event is not an“official act.”

The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal.Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery.“The basic compact underlying representative government,”wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,“assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”

But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives,not the courts,to ensure equality of access to government.Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift.This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency,such as records of official meetings,rules on lobbying,and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.

Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption.But it is not always corruption.Rather officials must avoid double standards,or different types of access for average people and the wealthy.If connections can be bought,a basic premise of democratic society–that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined.Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.

The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

Why does the court’s ruling reinforces the need for citizens?

Passage 7

In a rare unanimous ruling,the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor,Robert McDonnell.But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct,which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.

The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr.McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his“official acts,”or the former governor’s decisions on“specific”and“unsettled”issues related to his duties.

Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials,unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials,is not corruption,the justices found.

The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is“distasteful”and“nasty.”But under anti-bribery laws,proof must be made of concrete benefits,such as approval of a contract or regulation.Simply arranging a meeting,making a phone call,or hosting an event is not an“official act.”

The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal.Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery.“The basic compact underlying representative government,”wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,“assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”

But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives,not the courts,to ensure equality of access to government.Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift.This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency,such as records of official meetings,rules on lobbying,and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.

Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption.But it is not always corruption.Rather officials must avoid double standards,or different types of access for average people and the wealthy.If connections can be bought,a basic premise of democratic society–that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined.Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.

The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to（　　）.

Passage 7

In a rare unanimous ruling,the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor,Robert McDonnell.But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct,which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.

The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr.McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his“official acts,”or the former governor’s decisions on“specific”and“unsettled”issues related to his duties.

Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials,unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials,is not corruption,the justices found.

The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is“distasteful”and“nasty.”But under anti-bribery laws,proof must be made of concrete benefits,such as approval of a contract or regulation.Simply arranging a meeting,making a phone call,or hosting an event is not an“official act.”

The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal.Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery.“The basic compact underlying representative government,”wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,“assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”

But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives,not the courts,to ensure equality of access to government.Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift.This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency,such as records of official meetings,rules on lobbying,and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.

Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption.But it is not always corruption.Rather officials must avoid double standards,or different types of access for average people and the wealthy.If connections can be bought,a basic premise of democratic society–that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined.Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.

The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is（　　）.

Passage 8

Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and,fortunately,the number of such reasons is small.Pruning involves cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches,and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the trees to grow in their own ways.

First,pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size.The object may be to get a tree of the right height,and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape.Secondly,pruning may be done to make the tree healthier.You may cut out diseased or dead wood,or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus causing wounds.The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing the branches that are blocking up the center and so preventing the free movement of air

One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for diseases,but it is a wound that will heal.Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die,or that there is a period when the tree is at risk.It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce the risk as far as possible.It is essential to make the area which has been pruned smooth and clean,for healing will be slowed down by roughness.You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose.Pruning is usually done in winter for then you can see the shape of the tree clearly without the interference（妨碍）from the leaves and it is,too,very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed If this does happen,it is,of course,impossible to paint them properly.

Why should pruning be done?（　　）

Passage 8

Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and,fortunately,the number of such reasons is small.Pruning involves cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches,and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the trees to grow in their own ways.

First,pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size.The object may be to get a tree of the right height,and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape.Secondly,pruning may be done to make the tree healthier.You may cut out diseased or dead wood,or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus causing wounds.The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing the branches that are blocking up the center and so preventing the free movement of air

One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for diseases,but it is a wound that will heal.Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die,or that there is a period when the tree is at risk.It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce the risk as far as possible.It is essential to make the area which has been pruned smooth and clean,for healing will be slowed down by roughness.You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose.Pruning is usually done in winter for then you can see the shape of the tree clearly without the interference（妨碍）from the leaves and it is,too,very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed If this does happen,it is,of course,impossible to paint them properly.

Trees become unhealthy if the gardener（　　）.

Passage 8

Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and,fortunately,the number of such reasons is small.Pruning involves cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches,and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the trees to grow in their own ways.

First,pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size.The object may be to get a tree of the right height,and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape.Secondly,pruning may be done to make the tree healthier.You may cut out diseased or dead wood,or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus causing wounds.The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing the branches that are blocking up the center and so preventing the free movement of air

One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for diseases,but it is a wound that will heal.Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die,or that there is a period when the tree is at risk.It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce the risk as far as possible.It is essential to make the area which has been pruned smooth and clean,for healing will be slowed down by roughness.You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose.Pruning is usually done in winter for then you can see the shape of the tree clearly without the interference（妨碍）from the leaves and it is,too,very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed If this does happen,it is,of course,impossible to paint them properly.

Why is a special material painted on the tree?（　　）

Passage 8

Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and,fortunately,the number of such reasons is small.Pruning involves cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches,and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the trees to grow in their own ways.

First,pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size.The object may be to get a tree of the right height,and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape.Secondly,pruning may be done to make the tree healthier.You may cut out diseased or dead wood,or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus causing wounds.The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing the branches that are blocking up the center and so preventing the free movement of air

One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for diseases,but it is a wound that will heal.Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die,or that there is a period when the tree is at risk.It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce the risk as far as possible.It is essential to make the area which has been pruned smooth and clean,for healing will be slowed down by roughness.You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose.Pruning is usually done in winter for then you can see the shape of the tree clearly without the interference（妨碍）from the leaves and it is,too,very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed If this does happen,it is,of course,impossible to paint them properly.

A good gardener prunes a tree（　　）.

Passage 8

Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and,fortunately,the number of such reasons is small.Pruning involves cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches,and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the trees to grow in their own ways.

First,pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size.The object may be to get a tree of the right height,and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape.Secondly,pruning may be done to make the tree healthier.You may cut out diseased or dead wood,or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus causing wounds.The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing the branches that are blocking up the center and so preventing the free movement of air

One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for diseases,but it is a wound that will heal.Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die,or that there is a period when the tree is at risk.It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce the risk as far as possible.It is essential to make the area which has been pruned smooth and clean,for healing will be slowed down by roughness.You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose.Pruning is usually done in winter for then you can see the shape of the tree clearly without the interference（妨碍）from the leaves and it is,too,very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed If this does happen,it is,of course,impossible to paint them properly.

What was the author’s purpose when writing this passage?（　　）

Passage 9

Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text.The reader puts questions as it were to the text and gets answers.In the light of these he puts further questions,and so on.

For most of the time,this conversation goes on below the level of consciousness.At times,however,we become aware of it.This is usually when we are running into difficulties,when mismatch is occurring between expectations and meaning.When successful matching is being experienced,our questioning of the text continues at the unconscious level.

Different people converse with the text differently.Some stay very close to the words on the page;others take off imaginatively from the words,interpreting,criticizing,analyzing and examining.The former represents a kind of comprehension,which is written in the text.The latter represents higher levels of comprehension.The balance between these is important,especially for advanced readers.

There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important,and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read.We call this a process conversation as opposed to a content conversation.It is concerned not with meaning but with the strategies we employ in reading.If we are advanced readers our ability to hold a content conversation with a text is usually pretty well developed.

Not so our ability to hold a process conversation.It is precisely this kind of conversation that is of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new demands being placed upon us by studying at a higher level.

Reading as a kind of conversation between the reader and the text becomes conscious only when（　　）.

Passage 9

Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text.The reader puts questions as it were to the text and gets answers.In the light of these he puts further questions,and so on.

For most of the time,this conversation goes on below the level of consciousness.At times,however,we become aware of it.This is usually when we are running into difficulties,when mismatch is occurring between expectations and meaning.When successful matching is being experienced,our questioning of the text continues at the unconscious level.

Different people converse with the text differently.Some stay very close to the words on the page;others take off imaginatively from the words,interpreting,criticizing,analyzing and examining.The former represents a kind of comprehension,which is written in the text.The latter represents higher levels of comprehension.The balance between these is important,especially for advanced readers.

There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important,and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read.We call this a process conversation as opposed to a content conversation.It is concerned not with meaning but with the strategies we employ in reading.If we are advanced readers our ability to hold a content conversation with a text is usually pretty well developed.

Not so our ability to hold a process conversation.It is precisely this kind of conversation that is of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new demands being placed upon us by studying at a higher level.

At a lower level of comprehension,readers tend to（　　）.

Passage 9

Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text.The reader puts questions as it were to the text and gets answers.In the light of these he puts further questions,and so on.

For most of the time,this conversation goes on below the level of consciousness.At times,however,we become aware of it.This is usually when we are running into difficulties,when mismatch is occurring between expectations and meaning.When successful matching is being experienced,our questioning of the text continues at the unconscious level.

Different people converse with the text differently.Some stay very close to the words on the page;others take off imaginatively from the words,interpreting,criticizing,analyzing and examining.The former represents a kind of comprehension,which is written in the text.The latter represents higher levels of comprehension.The balance between these is important,especially for advanced readers.

There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important,and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read.We call this a process conversation as opposed to a content conversation.It is concerned not with meaning but with the strategies we employ in reading.If we are advanced readers our ability to hold a content conversation with a text is usually pretty well developed.

Not so our ability to hold a process conversation.It is precisely this kind of conversation that is of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new demands being placed upon us by studying at a higher level.

A“process”conversation has to do with（　　）.

Passage 9

Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text.The reader puts questions as it were to the text and gets answers.In the light of these he puts further questions,and so on.

For most of the time,this conversation goes on below the level of consciousness.At times,however,we become aware of it.This is usually when we are running into difficulties,when mismatch is occurring between expectations and meaning.When successful matching is being experienced,our questioning of the text continues at the unconscious level.

Different people converse with the text differently.Some stay very close to the words on the page;others take off imaginatively from the words,interpreting,criticizing,analyzing and examining.The former represents a kind of comprehension,which is written in the text.The latter represents higher levels of comprehension.The balance between these is important,especially for advanced readers.

There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important,and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read.We call this a process conversation as opposed to a content conversation.It is concerned not with meaning but with the strategies we employ in reading.If we are advanced readers our ability to hold a content conversation with a text is usually pretty well developed.

Not so our ability to hold a process conversation.It is precisely this kind of conversation that is of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new demands being placed upon us by studying at a higher level.

According to the passage,it is of great importance for readers at a higher level to maintain a balance between（　　）.

Passage 9

Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text.The reader puts questions as it were to the text and gets answers.In the light of these he puts further questions,and so on.

For most of the time,this conversation goes on below the level of consciousness.At times,however,we become aware of it.This is usually when we are running into difficulties,when mismatch is occurring between expectations and meaning.When successful matching is being experienced,our questioning of the text continues at the unconscious level.

Different people converse with the text differently.Some stay very close to the words on the page;others take off imaginatively from the words,interpreting,criticizing,analyzing and examining.The former represents a kind of comprehension,which is written in the text.The latter represents higher levels of comprehension.The balance between these is important,especially for advanced readers.

There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important,and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read.We call this a process conversation as opposed to a content conversation.It is concerned not with meaning but with the strategies we employ in reading.If we are advanced readers our ability to hold a content conversation with a text is usually pretty well developed.

Not so our ability to hold a process conversation.It is precisely this kind of conversation that is of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new demands being placed upon us by studying at a higher level.

If we want to develop our reading ability at an advanced level,we should（　　）.

Passage 10

With so much focus on children's use of screens,it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use.“Tech is designed to really suck on you in,”says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play,“and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement.It makes it hard to disengage,and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine.”

Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise.She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children.During a separate observation,she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family.Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.

Infants are wired to look at parents’faces to try to understand their world,and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device—it can be extremely disconcerting for the children.Radesky cites the“still face experiment”devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s.In it,a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback;The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother's attention.“Parents don’t have to be exquisitely parents at all times,but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,”says Radesky.

On the other hand,Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids’use of screens are born out of an“oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting”with their children:“It’s based on a somewhat fantasized,very white,very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.”Tronick believes that just because a child isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it—particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower,do housework or simply have a break from their child.Parents,he says,can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way.This can make them feel happier,which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.

According to Jenny Radesky,digital products are designed to（　　）.

Passage 10

With so much focus on children's use of screens,it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use.“Tech is designed to really suck on you in,”says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play,“and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement.It makes it hard to disengage,and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine.”

Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise.She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children.During a separate observation,she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family.Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.

Infants are wired to look at parents’faces to try to understand their world,and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device—it can be extremely disconcerting for the children.Radesky cites the“still face experiment”devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s.In it,a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback;The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother's attention.“Parents don’t have to be exquisitely parents at all times,but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,”says Radesky.

On the other hand,Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids’use of screens are born out of an“oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting”with their children:“It’s based on a somewhat fantasized,very white,very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.”Tronick believes that just because a child isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it—particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower,do housework or simply have a break from their child.Parents,he says,can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way.This can make them feel happier,which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.

Radesky’s food-testing exercise shows that mothers'use of devices（　　）.

Passage 10

With so much focus on children's use of screens,it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use.“Tech is designed to really suck on you in,”says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play,“and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement.It makes it hard to disengage,and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine.”

Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise.She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children.During a separate observation,she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family.Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.

Infants are wired to look at parents’faces to try to understand their world,and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device—it can be extremely disconcerting for the children.Radesky cites the“still face experiment”devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s.In it,a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback;The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother's attention.“Parents don’t have to be exquisitely parents at all times,but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,”says Radesky.

On the other hand,Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids’use of screens are born out of an“oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting”with their children:“It’s based on a somewhat fantasized,very white,very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.”Tronick believes that just because a child isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it—particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower,do housework or simply have a break from their child.Parents,he says,can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way.This can make them feel happier,which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.

Radesky’s cites the“still face experiment”to show that（　　）.

Passage 10

With so much focus on children's use of screens,it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use.“Tech is designed to really suck on you in,”says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play,“and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement.It makes it hard to disengage,and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine.”

Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise.She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children.During a separate observation,she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family.Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.

Infants are wired to look at parents’faces to try to understand their world,and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device—it can be extremely disconcerting for the children.Radesky cites the“still face experiment”devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s.In it,a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback;The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother's attention.“Parents don’t have to be exquisitely parents at all times,but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,”says Radesky.

On the other hand,Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids’use of screens are born out of an“oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting”with their children:“It’s based on a somewhat fantasized,very white,very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.”Tronick believes that just because a child isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it—particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower,do housework or simply have a break from their child.Parents,he says,can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way.This can make them feel happier,which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.

The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to（　　）.

Passage 10

With so much focus on children's use of screens,it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use.“Tech is designed to really suck on you in,”says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play,“and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement.It makes it hard to disengage,and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine.”

Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise.She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children.During a separate observation,she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family.Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.

Infants are wired to look at parents’faces to try to understand their world,and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device—it can be extremely disconcerting for the children.Radesky cites the“still face experiment”devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s.In it,a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback;The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother's attention.“Parents don’t have to be exquisitely parents at all times,but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,”says Radesky.

On the other hand,Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids’use of screens are born out of an“oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting”with their children:“It’s based on a somewhat fantasized,very white,very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.”Tronick believes that just because a child isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it—particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower,do housework or simply have a break from their child.Parents,he says,can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way.This can make them feel happier,which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.

According to Tronick,kid’s use of screens may（　　）.