Examinations Exert a Pemicious Influence on Education
We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person's knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations text what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person's true ability and aptitude.
As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesn't matter that you weren't feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that don't count: the exam goes on. No one can give of his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a slepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of 'drop-outs': young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career?
Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students?
A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge,but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedoms. Teachers themselves are ofien judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise.The most successful candidates are not always the best educated; they are the best trained in the technique of working under duress.
The results on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective asssment by some anonymous examiner. Examiners are only human. They get tired and hungry; they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time.They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight. After a judge's decision you have the right of appeal, but not after an examiner's. There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a person's true abilities. Is it cynical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what it boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is this iliterate message recently scrawled on a wall: 'I were a teenage drop-out and now I are a teenage millionaire'.
The author's atitude toward examinations is________.
社会工作者小张为了鼓励居民参与社区活动，对居民参与态度和参与能力进行了调查，提出下列观点，其中错误的是（ ）。
在社区参与的（ ）形式中，虽然居民被邀请参加了决策过程，但社区建设或改造的最初设计者通常会设定讨论议题的范围，限定其他参与者的决策权。
老年人有老年人的意愿需要表达，有老年人的利益需要维护，有老年人的作用需要发挥，这是指老年人的（ ）需要。
（ ）是老年人最显著的特点。
社会工作者在为老年人提供服务时可以采用小组工作的方法，但是下列情形中不宜采用此种方法的是（ ）。
谢慧在为社区孤寡老人提供服务时，总是把他们当成自己的父母来照顾。面对这些无儿无女的老人，她总会潸然泪下。显然，在她心里这些孤寡老人也是自己的亲人。谢慧的这种现象属于（ ）。
在为老年人做预估时，应考虑（ ）。
独居老人张伯伯不慎摔倒，造成骨折。出院后社会工作者为他联系社区医院协助其康复训练。同时，还联系社区服务机构为张伯伯提供居家和送餐服务。上述社会工作服务属于（ ）。
以下有关老年人特点的表述中，不正确的有（ ）。
老年社区工作的基本原则包括（ ）。
